Eggshell-derived amorphous calcium phosphate: Synthesis, characterization and bio-functions as bone graft materials in novel 3D osteoblastic spheroids model

A multitude of autogenous/allogeneic and semi-synthetic bone graft materials have been developed to reconstruct the defective tissue but with high bio-cost potential environmental pollution. With calcium content several trace elements, chicken eggshells are no longer considered as wastes attractive sources high-value-added biomaterials. This study used synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesize amorphous phosphate (ACP) materials, namely Control Eggshell. The physiochemical characteristics, biosafety, immunocompatibility ACP particles were inspected. Their osteogenic activity was further investigated in a novel osteoblastic spheroids model. Eggshell exhibited ideal cytocompatibility compared control more resistant re-crystallization. In spheroids, mediated typical mRNA profiles MC-3T3-E1 cells, accompanied by increased formation mineralized nodules boosted synthesis ECM proteins represented OPN collagen I. establishes promising technique stable, safe, osteoinductive from eggshell waste. Furthermore, constructed present provide practical model for biomaterial research, which reflect three-dimensional interaction between host realistically.